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The long-term variability of Changma in the East Asian summer monsoon system: A review and revisit

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Abstract

Changma, which is a vital part of East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) system, plays a critical role in modulating water and energy cycles in Korea. Better understanding of its long-term variability and change is therefore a matter of scientific and societal importance. It has been indicated that characteristics of Changma have undergone significant interdecadal changes in association with the mid-1970s global-scale climate shift and the mid-1990s EASM shift. This paper reviews and revisits the characteristics on the long-term changes of Changma focusing on the underlying mechanisms for the changes. The four important features are manifested mainly during the last few decades: 1) mean and extreme rainfalls during Changma period from June to September have been increased with the amplification of diurnal cycle of rainfall, 2) the dry spell between the first and second rainy periods has become shorter, 3) the rainfall amount as well as the number of rainy days during August have significantly increased, probably due to the increase in typhoon landfalls, and 4) the relationship between the Changma rainfall and Western Pacific Subtropical High on interannual time scale has been enhanced. The typhoon contribution to the increase in heavy rainfall is attributable to enhanced interaction between typhoons and midlatitude baroclinic environment. It is noted that the change in the relationship between Changma and the tropical sea surface temperature (SST) over the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic Oceans is a key factor in the long-term changes of Changma and EASM. Possible sources for the recent mid-1990s change include 1) the tropical dipole-like SST pattern between the central Pacific and Indo-Pacific region (the global warming hiatus pattern), 2) the recent intensification of tropical SST gradients among the Indian Ocean, the western Pacific, and the eastern Pacific, and 3) the tropical Atlantic SST warming.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. IBS Center for Climate Physics, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea

    June-Yi Lee & Kyung-Sook Yun

  2. Climate System and Research Center for Climate Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea

    June-Yi Lee & Kyong-Hwan Seo

  3. Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Ansan, 15627, Korea

    MinHo Kwon

  4. Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea

    Seung-Ki Min & In-Hong Park

  5. Department of Oceanography, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea

    Yoo-Geun Ham

  6. Korea Institute of Atmospheric Prediction Systems, Seoul, Korea

    Emilia Kyung Jin

  7. Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, Korea

    Joo-Hong Kim

  8. Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea

    Kyong-Hwan Seo

  9. APEC Climate Center, Busan, Korea

    WonMoo Kim

  10. Korea Meteorological Administration, Seoul, Korea

    So-Young Yim

  11. School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea

    Jin-Ho Yoon

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  1. June-Yi Lee
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  2. MinHo Kwon
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  3. Kyung-Sook Yun
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  12. Jin-Ho Yoon
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Correspondence to MinHo Kwon.

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Lee, JY., Kwon, M., Yun, KS. et al. The long-term variability of Changma in the East Asian summer monsoon system: A review and revisit. Asia-Pacific J Atmos Sci 53, 257–272 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13143-017-0032-5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13143-017-0032-5

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